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NASA's<00:00:02.040><c> astrophoto</c><00:00:02.679><c> challenge</c><00:00:03.199><c> lets</c><00:00:03.600><c> you</c>

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NASA's astrophoto challenge lets you
 

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NASA's astrophoto challenge lets you
make<00:00:04.120><c> your</c><00:00:04.319><c> own</c><00:00:04.560><c> space</c><00:00:04.880><c> image</c><00:00:05.240><c> using</c><00:00:05.560><c> real</c>

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make your own space image using real
 

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make your own space image using real
astronomy<00:00:06.480><c> data</c><00:00:07.439><c> this</c><00:00:07.640><c> time</c><00:00:08.040><c> featuring</c>

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astronomy data this time featuring
 

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astronomy data this time featuring
incredible<00:00:09.200><c> views</c><00:00:09.719><c> of</c><00:00:09.960><c> interacting</c><00:00:11.240><c> galaxies</c>

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incredible views of interacting galaxies
 

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incredible views of interacting galaxies
but<00:00:12.440><c> before</c><00:00:12.639><c> you</c><00:00:12.840><c> get</c><00:00:13.040><c> started</c><00:00:13.880><c> let's</c><00:00:14.120><c> find</c>

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but before you get started let's find
 

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but before you get started let's find
out<00:00:14.559><c> more</c><00:00:14.960><c> about</c><00:00:15.280><c> what</c><00:00:15.440><c> we're</c><00:00:15.679><c> seeing</c><00:00:16.240><c> in</c>

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out more about what we're seeing in
 

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out more about what we're seeing in
these<00:00:16.640><c> remarkable</c>

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images<00:00:23.199><c> when</c><00:00:23.359><c> you</c><00:00:23.519><c> look</c><00:00:23.680><c> up</c><00:00:23.840><c> at</c><00:00:24.039><c> the</c><00:00:24.240><c> sky</c><00:00:24.560><c> on</c><00:00:24.720><c> a</c>

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images when you look up at the sky on a
 

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images when you look up at the sky on a
dark<00:00:25.279><c> night</c><00:00:25.680><c> you</c><00:00:25.760><c> can</c><00:00:25.960><c> see</c><00:00:26.359><c> countless</c><00:00:26.840><c> stars</c>

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dark night you can see countless stars
 

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dark night you can see countless stars
and<00:00:28.199><c> every</c><00:00:28.439><c> one</c><00:00:28.640><c> of</c><00:00:28.800><c> them</c><00:00:29.039><c> is</c><00:00:29.240><c> part</c><00:00:29.400><c> of</c><00:00:29.519><c> the</c>

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and every one of them is part of the
 

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and every one of them is part of the
hundreds<00:00:30.240><c> of</c><00:00:30.519><c> billions</c><00:00:31.000><c> of</c><00:00:31.199><c> stars</c><00:00:31.599><c> in</c><00:00:31.759><c> the</c>

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hundreds of billions of stars in the
 

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hundreds of billions of stars in the
Milky<00:00:32.239><c> Way</c><00:00:32.800><c> our</c><00:00:33.120><c> home</c><00:00:33.960><c> Galaxy</c><00:00:34.960><c> but</c><00:00:35.079><c> if</c><00:00:35.200><c> you</c>

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Milky Way our home Galaxy but if you
 

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Milky Way our home Galaxy but if you
take<00:00:35.480><c> a</c><00:00:35.680><c> telescope</c><00:00:36.239><c> and</c><00:00:36.399><c> peer</c><00:00:36.760><c> between</c><00:00:37.320><c> and</c>

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take a telescope and peer between and
 

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take a telescope and peer between and
Beyond<00:00:37.960><c> those</c><00:00:38.200><c> Stars</c><00:00:39.040><c> you</c><00:00:39.160><c> will</c><00:00:39.320><c> see</c><00:00:39.680><c> Tiny</c>

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Beyond those Stars you will see Tiny
 

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Beyond those Stars you will see Tiny
glowing<00:00:40.480><c> balls</c><00:00:40.920><c> and</c><00:00:41.160><c> swirling</c><00:00:42.120><c> discs</c><00:00:43.120><c> these</c>

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glowing balls and swirling discs these
 

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glowing balls and swirling discs these
are<00:00:43.719><c> other</c><00:00:44.079><c> galaxies</c><00:00:44.840><c> far</c><00:00:45.120><c> beyond</c><00:00:45.520><c> our</c><00:00:45.760><c> Milky</c>

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are other galaxies far beyond our Milky
 

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are other galaxies far beyond our Milky
Way<00:00:47.480><c> each</c><00:00:47.640><c> of</c><00:00:47.840><c> them</c><00:00:48.039><c> is</c><00:00:48.160><c> a</c><00:00:48.320><c> collection</c><00:00:48.800><c> of</c>

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Way each of them is a collection of
 

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Way each of them is a collection of
stars<00:00:49.760><c> gas</c><00:00:50.199><c> and</c><00:00:50.399><c> dust</c><00:00:51.000><c> pulled</c><00:00:51.559><c> together</c><00:00:52.000><c> by</c>

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stars gas and dust pulled together by
 

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stars gas and dust pulled together by
gravity<00:00:54.120><c> usually</c><00:00:54.600><c> we</c><00:00:54.760><c> find</c><00:00:55.079><c> galaxies</c><00:00:55.520><c> in</c>

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gravity usually we find galaxies in
 

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gravity usually we find galaxies in
groups<00:00:56.440><c> and</c><00:00:56.559><c> when</c><00:00:56.719><c> they're</c><00:00:56.879><c> close</c><00:00:57.480><c> together</c>

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groups and when they're close together
 

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groups and when they're close together
sometimes<00:00:58.960><c> we</c><00:00:59.079><c> can</c><00:00:59.239><c> see</c><00:00:59.480><c> them</c><00:00:59.680><c> in</c><00:01:00.000><c> interacting</c>

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sometimes we can see them in interacting
 

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sometimes we can see them in interacting
with<00:01:00.800><c> one</c>

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another<00:01:06.640><c> interacting</c><00:01:07.520><c> galaxies</c><00:01:08.320><c> are</c>

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another interacting galaxies are
 

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another interacting galaxies are
galaxies<00:01:09.080><c> that</c><00:01:09.240><c> are</c><00:01:09.479><c> close</c><00:01:09.880><c> enough</c><00:01:10.159><c> to</c><00:01:10.360><c> feel</c>

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galaxies that are close enough to feel
 

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galaxies that are close enough to feel
each<00:01:10.840><c> other's</c><00:01:11.240><c> gravitational</c><00:01:12.040><c> pole</c><00:01:12.840><c> so</c>

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each other's gravitational pole so
 

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each other's gravitational pole so
gravity<00:01:13.479><c> pulls</c><00:01:13.799><c> on</c><00:01:14.000><c> each</c><00:01:14.200><c> Galaxy</c><00:01:14.759><c> Stars</c><00:01:15.520><c> gas</c>

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gravity pulls on each Galaxy Stars gas
 

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gravity pulls on each Galaxy Stars gas
and<00:01:16.119><c> dust</c><00:01:16.520><c> you</c><00:01:16.600><c> know</c><00:01:16.840><c> causing</c><00:01:17.159><c> their</c><00:01:17.400><c> visible</c>

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and dust you know causing their visible
 

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and dust you know causing their visible
shapes<00:01:18.159><c> to</c><00:01:18.360><c> change</c><00:01:19.200><c> and</c><00:01:19.280><c> then</c><00:01:19.479><c> depending</c><00:01:19.880><c> on</c>

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shapes to change and then depending on
 

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shapes to change and then depending on
how<00:01:20.560><c> strong</c><00:01:20.840><c> this</c><00:01:21.000><c> pole</c><00:01:21.560><c> is</c><00:01:22.159><c> it</c><00:01:22.280><c> can</c><00:01:22.479><c> stretch</c>

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how strong this pole is it can stretch
 

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how strong this pole is it can stretch
galaxies<00:01:23.520><c> out</c><00:01:24.079><c> compress</c><00:01:24.640><c> gas</c><00:01:24.880><c> to</c><00:01:25.040><c> form</c><00:01:25.320><c> new</c>

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galaxies out compress gas to form new
 

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galaxies out compress gas to form new
stars<00:01:26.200><c> or</c><00:01:26.320><c> even</c><00:01:26.520><c> tear</c><00:01:26.920><c> them</c><00:01:27.200><c> apart</c><00:01:28.200><c> so</c><00:01:28.439><c> rather</c>

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stars or even tear them apart so rather
 

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stars or even tear them apart so rather
than<00:01:28.960><c> galaxies</c><00:01:29.400><c> living</c><00:01:29.680><c> in</c><00:01:29.920><c> in</c><00:01:30.119><c> complete</c>

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than galaxies living in in complete
 

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than galaxies living in in complete
isolation<00:01:31.720><c> interactions</c><00:01:32.680><c> can</c><00:01:33.079><c> have</c><00:01:33.600><c> a</c>

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isolation interactions can have a
 

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isolation interactions can have a
profound<00:01:34.320><c> effect</c><00:01:34.640><c> on</c><00:01:35.280><c> the</c><00:01:35.520><c> structure</c><00:01:36.119><c> and</c>

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profound effect on the structure and
 

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profound effect on the structure and
future<00:01:36.759><c> evolution</c><00:01:37.240><c> of</c><00:01:37.360><c> the</c><00:01:37.520><c> Galaxy</c><00:01:38.479><c> while</c>

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future evolution of the Galaxy while
 

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future evolution of the Galaxy while
interacting<00:01:39.280><c> galaxies</c><00:01:39.840><c> can</c><00:01:40.000><c> get</c><00:01:40.200><c> twisted</c><00:01:40.600><c> and</c>

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interacting galaxies can get twisted and
 

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interacting galaxies can get twisted and
stretched<00:01:41.240><c> into</c><00:01:41.640><c> countless</c><00:01:42.119><c> varieties</c><00:01:43.079><c> there</c>

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stretched into countless varieties there
 

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stretched into countless varieties there
are<00:01:43.520><c> some</c><00:01:44.000><c> that</c><00:01:44.200><c> take</c><00:01:44.399><c> on</c><00:01:44.719><c> a</c><00:01:44.920><c> ringlike</c><00:01:45.439><c> shape</c>

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are some that take on a ringlike shape
 

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are some that take on a ringlike shape
there<00:01:46.560><c> is</c><00:01:46.759><c> a</c><00:01:47.119><c> special</c><00:01:47.520><c> kind</c><00:01:47.759><c> of</c><00:01:48.119><c> Galaxy</c><00:01:48.640><c> which</c>

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there is a special kind of Galaxy which
 

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there is a special kind of Galaxy which
we<00:01:48.960><c> call</c><00:01:49.280><c> collisional</c><00:01:49.799><c> ring</c><00:01:50.360><c> galaxies</c><00:01:51.360><c> which</c>

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we call collisional ring galaxies which
 

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we call collisional ring galaxies which
are<00:01:52.240><c> we</c><00:01:52.479><c> believe</c><00:01:52.840><c> are</c><00:01:53.040><c> formed</c><00:01:53.399><c> in</c><00:01:53.520><c> a</c><00:01:53.640><c> rather</c>

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are we believe are formed in a rather
 

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are we believe are formed in a rather
unique<00:01:54.479><c> way</c><00:01:54.759><c> in</c><00:01:54.920><c> which</c><00:01:55.439><c> you</c><00:01:55.640><c> have</c><00:01:55.759><c> a</c><00:01:56.000><c> rotating</c>

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unique way in which you have a rotating
 

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unique way in which you have a rotating
Milky<00:01:56.960><c> Way</c><00:01:57.719><c> Type</c><00:01:58.039><c> Galaxy</c><00:01:58.880><c> and</c><00:01:59.000><c> a</c><00:01:59.159><c> SW</c><00:01:59.920><c> small</c>

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Milky Way Type Galaxy and a SW small
 

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Milky Way Type Galaxy and a SW small
spidal<00:02:00.840><c> Galaxy</c><00:02:01.600><c> falls</c><00:02:02.039><c> down</c><00:02:02.320><c> through</c><00:02:02.520><c> the</c>

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spidal Galaxy falls down through the
 

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spidal Galaxy falls down through the
center<00:02:03.799><c> of</c><00:02:04.200><c> the</c><00:02:04.360><c> larger</c><00:02:04.799><c> rotating</c><00:02:05.439><c> Galaxy</c>

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center of the larger rotating Galaxy
 

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center of the larger rotating Galaxy
driving<00:02:06.680><c> a</c><00:02:06.840><c> ring</c><00:02:07.399><c> out</c><00:02:08.080><c> through</c><00:02:08.399><c> the</c><00:02:08.759><c> disc</c><00:02:09.759><c> and</c>

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driving a ring out through the disc and
 

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driving a ring out through the disc and
so<00:02:10.039><c> the</c><00:02:10.200><c> same</c><00:02:10.599><c> process</c><00:02:11.080><c> happens</c><00:02:11.560><c> when</c><00:02:11.720><c> you</c>

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so the same process happens when you
 

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so the same process happens when you
drop<00:02:12.200><c> a</c><00:02:12.360><c> pebble</c><00:02:12.720><c> in</c><00:02:13.000><c> water</c><00:02:13.400><c> for</c><00:02:13.640><c> example</c><00:02:14.280><c> so</c>

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drop a pebble in water for example so
 

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drop a pebble in water for example so
the<00:02:14.640><c> water</c><00:02:14.879><c> that</c><00:02:15.040><c> was</c><00:02:15.319><c> there</c><00:02:15.680><c> moves</c><00:02:16.080><c> outward</c>

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the water that was there moves outward
 

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the water that was there moves outward
and<00:02:16.920><c> forms</c><00:02:17.280><c> this</c><00:02:17.440><c> nearly</c><00:02:17.840><c> perfect</c><00:02:18.239><c> ring</c><00:02:18.879><c> and</c>

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and forms this nearly perfect ring and
 

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and forms this nearly perfect ring and
so<00:02:19.200><c> these</c><00:02:19.440><c> galaxies</c><00:02:19.920><c> are</c><00:02:20.239><c> really</c><00:02:20.560><c> rare</c>

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so these galaxies are really rare
 

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so these galaxies are really rare
because<00:02:21.280><c> the</c><00:02:21.400><c> ring</c><00:02:21.720><c> doesn't</c><00:02:22.080><c> last</c><00:02:22.360><c> forever</c>

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because the ring doesn't last forever
 

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because the ring doesn't last forever
maybe<00:02:23.599><c> a</c><00:02:23.879><c> few</c><00:02:24.160><c> hundred</c><00:02:24.560><c> million</c><00:02:24.920><c> years</c><00:02:25.200><c> or</c><00:02:25.400><c> so</c>

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maybe a few hundred million years or so
 

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maybe a few hundred million years or so
which<00:02:25.920><c> sounds</c><00:02:26.120><c> like</c><00:02:26.239><c> a</c><00:02:26.360><c> long</c><00:02:26.560><c> time</c><00:02:26.879><c> but</c><00:02:27.000><c> it</c>

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which sounds like a long time but it
 

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which sounds like a long time but it
really<00:02:27.319><c> isn't</c><00:02:27.599><c> it's</c><00:02:27.760><c> just</c><00:02:27.879><c> 1%</c><00:02:28.400><c> of</c><00:02:28.599><c> the</c><00:02:28.800><c> time</c><00:02:29.400><c> uh</c>

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really isn't it's just 1% of the time uh
 

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really isn't it's just 1% of the time uh
that<00:02:30.080><c> has</c><00:02:30.200><c> been</c><00:02:30.360><c> around</c><00:02:30.680><c> so</c><00:02:30.840><c> finding</c><00:02:31.160><c> them</c><00:02:31.280><c> is</c>

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that has been around so finding them is
 

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that has been around so finding them is
actually<00:02:31.800><c> pretty</c><00:02:32.080><c> cool</c><00:02:32.400><c> and</c><00:02:32.560><c> really</c>

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rare<00:02:38.680><c> ring</c><00:02:39.120><c> galaxies</c><00:02:39.640><c> you</c><00:02:39.760><c> know</c><00:02:39.959><c> they're</c>

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rare ring galaxies you know they're
 

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rare ring galaxies you know they're
already<00:02:40.680><c> very</c><00:02:40.959><c> rare</c><00:02:41.400><c> but</c><00:02:41.560><c> the</c><00:02:41.720><c> cartv</c><00:02:42.319><c> is</c><00:02:42.519><c> even</c>

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already very rare but the cartv is even
 

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already very rare but the cartv is even
more<00:02:43.319><c> interesting</c><00:02:43.959><c> both</c><00:02:44.280><c> visually</c><00:02:45.080><c> and</c>

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more interesting both visually and
 

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more interesting both visually and
science<00:02:45.959><c> wise</c><00:02:46.519><c> because</c><00:02:46.920><c> if</c><00:02:47.040><c> you</c><00:02:47.239><c> look</c><00:02:47.440><c> at</c><00:02:47.599><c> it</c>

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science wise because if you look at it
 

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science wise because if you look at it
it's<00:02:48.560><c> basically</c><00:02:48.959><c> a</c><00:02:49.120><c> textbook</c><00:02:49.720><c> example</c><00:02:50.159><c> of</c>

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it's basically a textbook example of
 

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it's basically a textbook example of
what<00:02:50.560><c> happens</c><00:02:51.080><c> after</c><00:02:51.319><c> a</c><00:02:51.440><c> major</c><00:02:51.840><c> Collision</c><00:02:52.760><c> um</c>

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what happens after a major Collision um
 

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what happens after a major Collision um
it<00:02:53.080><c> has</c><00:02:53.200><c> an</c><00:02:53.400><c> outer</c><00:02:53.800><c> ring</c><00:02:54.599><c> which</c><00:02:54.840><c> like</c><00:02:55.319><c> as</c><00:02:55.440><c> in</c>

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it has an outer ring which like as in
 

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it has an outer ring which like as in
the<00:02:55.720><c> case</c><00:02:55.879><c> of</c><00:02:56.000><c> a</c><00:02:56.360><c> cartwheel</c><00:02:57.360><c> would</c><00:02:57.560><c> be</c><00:02:57.720><c> the</c>

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the case of a cartwheel would be the
 

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the case of a cartwheel would be the
outer<00:02:58.280><c> part</c><00:02:58.480><c> of</c><00:02:58.720><c> the</c><00:02:59.000><c> wheel</c><00:02:59.879><c> and</c><00:03:00.040><c> it</c><00:03:00.200><c> has</c><00:03:00.319><c> an</c>

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outer part of the wheel and it has an
 

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outer part of the wheel and it has an
inner<00:03:01.400><c> sort</c><00:03:01.640><c> of</c><00:03:01.800><c> Hub</c><00:03:02.200><c> which</c><00:03:02.319><c> is</c><00:03:02.560><c> actually</c>

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inner sort of Hub which is actually
 

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inner sort of Hub which is actually
composed<00:03:03.360><c> of</c><00:03:03.959><c> at</c><00:03:04.080><c> least</c><00:03:04.840><c> one</c><00:03:05.080><c> or</c><00:03:05.360><c> possibly</c><00:03:05.760><c> two</c>

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composed of at least one or possibly two
 

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composed of at least one or possibly two
rings<00:03:06.760><c> then</c><00:03:06.879><c> you</c><00:03:07.040><c> have</c><00:03:07.239><c> these</c><00:03:07.440><c> faint</c><00:03:07.840><c> spokes</c>

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rings then you have these faint spokes
 

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rings then you have these faint spokes
of<00:03:08.440><c> gas</c><00:03:08.720><c> and</c><00:03:08.879><c> dust</c><00:03:09.120><c> that</c><00:03:09.200><c> are</c><00:03:09.360><c> connecting</c><00:03:10.040><c> both</c>

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of gas and dust that are connecting both
 

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of gas and dust that are connecting both
the<00:03:10.519><c> inner</c><00:03:10.920><c> and</c><00:03:11.159><c> the</c><00:03:11.280><c> outer</c><00:03:11.640><c> ring</c><00:03:12.360><c> and</c><00:03:12.480><c> then</c>

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the inner and the outer ring and then
 

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the inner and the outer ring and then
you<00:03:12.680><c> see</c><00:03:12.879><c> these</c><00:03:13.040><c> two</c><00:03:13.319><c> nearby</c><00:03:13.959><c> galaxies</c><00:03:14.959><c> one</c><00:03:15.120><c> of</c>

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you see these two nearby galaxies one of
 

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you see these two nearby galaxies one of
which<00:03:15.440><c> looks</c><00:03:15.640><c> like</c><00:03:15.840><c> it</c><00:03:16.040><c> could</c><00:03:16.159><c> have</c><00:03:16.319><c> been</c><00:03:16.480><c> the</c>

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which looks like it could have been the
 

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which looks like it could have been the
Galaxy<00:03:17.120><c> that</c><00:03:17.400><c> pushed</c><00:03:18.120><c> through</c><00:03:18.360><c> it</c><00:03:18.560><c> in</c><00:03:18.680><c> the</c>

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Galaxy that pushed through it in the
 

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Galaxy that pushed through it in the
first<00:03:19.120><c> place</c><00:03:19.640><c> each</c><00:03:19.799><c> of</c><00:03:19.959><c> the</c><00:03:20.080><c> cartwheel</c><00:03:20.599><c> Galaxy</c>

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first place each of the cartwheel Galaxy
 

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first place each of the cartwheel Galaxy
data<00:03:21.280><c> sets</c><00:03:21.599><c> you</c><00:03:21.720><c> can</c><00:03:21.920><c> use</c><00:03:22.400><c> comes</c><00:03:22.760><c> from</c><00:03:22.920><c> a</c>

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data sets you can use comes from a
 

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data sets you can use comes from a
different<00:03:23.360><c> part</c><00:03:23.519><c> of</c><00:03:23.640><c> the</c><00:03:23.840><c> spectrum</c><00:03:24.680><c> and</c><00:03:24.920><c> each</c>

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different part of the spectrum and each
 

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different part of the spectrum and each
tells<00:03:25.519><c> us</c><00:03:25.680><c> a</c><00:03:25.840><c> different</c><00:03:26.120><c> part</c><00:03:26.319><c> of</c><00:03:26.440><c> its</c><00:03:26.680><c> story</c>

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tells us a different part of its story
 

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tells us a different part of its story
as<00:03:27.560><c> revealed</c><00:03:28.040><c> by</c><00:03:28.159><c> a</c><00:03:28.280><c> NASA</c><00:03:28.640><c> telescope</c><00:03:29.400><c> so</c><00:03:29.840><c> image</c>

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as revealed by a NASA telescope so image
 

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as revealed by a NASA telescope so image
of<00:03:30.360><c> the</c><00:03:30.519><c> cartwheel</c><00:03:31.080><c> invisible</c><00:03:31.680><c> light</c><00:03:32.799><c> shows</c>

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of the cartwheel invisible light shows
 

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of the cartwheel invisible light shows
um<00:03:34.439><c> very</c><00:03:34.720><c> much</c><00:03:35.120><c> the</c><00:03:35.640><c> stars</c><00:03:36.480><c> in</c><00:03:37.280><c> the</c><00:03:37.480><c> galaxy</c><00:03:38.360><c> in</c>

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um very much the stars in the galaxy in
 

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um very much the stars in the galaxy in
particular<00:03:39.159><c> the</c><00:03:39.879><c> extremely</c><00:03:40.879><c> bright</c><00:03:41.640><c> and</c><00:03:41.879><c> very</c>

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particular the extremely bright and very
 

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particular the extremely bright and very
blue<00:03:42.560><c> stars</c><00:03:42.920><c> in</c><00:03:43.080><c> the</c><00:03:43.200><c> outer</c><00:03:43.680><c> ring</c><00:03:44.680><c> and</c><00:03:44.920><c> the</c>

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blue stars in the outer ring and the
 

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blue stars in the outer ring and the
reddish<00:03:46.439><c> glow</c><00:03:46.879><c> from</c><00:03:47.040><c> the</c><00:03:47.200><c> inner</c><00:03:47.480><c> ring</c><00:03:48.280><c> and</c><00:03:48.480><c> the</c>

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reddish glow from the inner ring and the
 

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reddish glow from the inner ring and the
Very<00:03:48.879><c> faint</c><00:03:49.280><c> spokes</c><00:03:50.280><c> infrared</c><00:03:50.760><c> observations</c>

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Very faint spokes infrared observations
 

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Very faint spokes infrared observations
help<00:03:51.640><c> us</c><00:03:51.959><c> pierce</c><00:03:52.480><c> the</c><00:03:52.640><c> dust</c><00:03:53.040><c> and</c><00:03:53.200><c> reveal</c><00:03:53.560><c> the</c>

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help us pierce the dust and reveal the
 

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help us pierce the dust and reveal the
warm<00:03:54.159><c> gas</c><00:03:54.680><c> in</c><00:03:54.840><c> the</c><00:03:54.959><c> Rings</c><00:03:55.439><c> particularly</c><00:03:55.920><c> in</c>

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warm gas in the Rings particularly in
 

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warm gas in the Rings particularly in
the<00:03:56.239><c> outer</c><00:03:56.519><c> ring</c><00:03:56.799><c> where</c><00:03:56.920><c> we</c><00:03:57.040><c> see</c><00:03:57.200><c> a</c><00:03:57.319><c> lot</c><00:03:57.439><c> of</c>

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the outer ring where we see a lot of
 

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the outer ring where we see a lot of
very<00:03:57.840><c> intense</c><00:03:58.239><c> start</c><00:03:58.599><c> formation</c><00:03:59.239><c> occurring</c>

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very intense start formation occurring
 

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very intense start formation occurring
if<00:03:59.920><c> you</c><00:04:00.040><c> look</c><00:04:00.159><c> at</c><00:04:00.280><c> the</c><00:04:00.400><c> cartwheel</c><00:04:01.079><c> in</c><00:04:01.640><c> x-rays</c>

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if you look at the cartwheel in x-rays
 

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if you look at the cartwheel in x-rays
you<00:04:02.720><c> see</c><00:04:03.439><c> a</c><00:04:03.599><c> lot</c><00:04:03.799><c> of</c><00:04:04.519><c> very</c><00:04:04.840><c> bright</c><00:04:05.280><c> points</c><00:04:06.079><c> and</c>

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you see a lot of very bright points and
 

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you see a lot of very bright points and
it's<00:04:06.400><c> even</c><00:04:06.720><c> hard</c><00:04:06.920><c> to</c><00:04:07.079><c> tell</c><00:04:07.400><c> that</c><00:04:07.599><c> they're</c>

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it's even hard to tell that they're
 

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it's even hard to tell that they're
forming<00:04:08.720><c> part</c><00:04:08.920><c> of</c><00:04:09.079><c> the</c><00:04:09.280><c> segment</c><00:04:09.640><c> of</c><00:04:09.799><c> the</c><00:04:09.920><c> Ring</c>

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forming part of the segment of the Ring
 

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forming part of the segment of the Ring
we<00:04:10.840><c> call</c><00:04:11.079><c> them</c><00:04:11.760><c> Ultra</c><00:04:12.200><c> luminous</c><00:04:12.720><c> x-ray</c><00:04:13.159><c> sauces</c>

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we call them Ultra luminous x-ray sauces
 

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we call them Ultra luminous x-ray sauces
but<00:04:14.200><c> it's</c><00:04:14.400><c> very</c><00:04:14.680><c> rare</c><00:04:14.920><c> to</c><00:04:15.079><c> see</c><00:04:15.319><c> so</c><00:04:15.519><c> many</c><00:04:15.840><c> of</c>

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but it's very rare to see so many of
 

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but it's very rare to see so many of
them<00:04:16.120><c> in</c><00:04:16.280><c> one</c><00:04:16.519><c> Galaxy</c><00:04:17.040><c> in</c><00:04:17.160><c> fact</c><00:04:17.600><c> the</c><00:04:17.759><c> cartwheel</c>

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them in one Galaxy in fact the cartwheel
 

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them in one Galaxy in fact the cartwheel
is<00:04:19.359><c> almost</c><00:04:19.799><c> unique</c><00:04:20.160><c> in</c><00:04:20.400><c> having</c><00:04:20.680><c> so</c><00:04:20.880><c> many</c><00:04:21.560><c> this</c>

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is almost unique in having so many this
 

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is almost unique in having so many this
UV<00:04:22.400><c> image</c><00:04:22.840><c> is</c><00:04:23.080><c> highlighting</c><00:04:23.600><c> the</c><00:04:23.840><c> youngest</c>

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UV image is highlighting the youngest
 

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UV image is highlighting the youngest
and<00:04:24.720><c> hottest</c><00:04:25.160><c> stars</c><00:04:25.520><c> that</c><00:04:25.639><c> are</c><00:04:25.919><c> concentrated</c>

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and hottest stars that are concentrated
 

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and hottest stars that are concentrated
in<00:04:26.919><c> the</c><00:04:27.040><c> outer</c><00:04:27.360><c> range</c><00:04:27.759><c> so</c><00:04:28.000><c> these</c><00:04:28.199><c> stars</c><00:04:28.600><c> were</c>

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in the outer range so these stars were
 

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in the outer range so these stars were
directly<00:04:29.440><c> for</c><00:04:29.720><c> formed</c><00:04:30.039><c> from</c><00:04:30.240><c> the</c><00:04:30.479><c> gas</c>

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directly for formed from the gas
 

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directly for formed from the gas
compressing<00:04:32.160><c> um</c><00:04:32.280><c> during</c><00:04:32.639><c> the</c><00:04:32.960><c> Collision</c><00:04:33.479><c> so</c>

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compressing um during the Collision so
 

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compressing um during the Collision so
you<00:04:33.759><c> have</c><00:04:33.880><c> this</c><00:04:34.080><c> really</c><00:04:34.520><c> this</c><00:04:34.800><c> burst</c><00:04:35.160><c> of</c><00:04:35.400><c> young</c>

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you have this really this burst of young
 

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you have this really this burst of young
hot<00:04:36.320><c> star</c>

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hot star
 

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hot star
formation<00:04:38.479><c> my</c><00:04:38.880><c> favorite</c><00:04:39.360><c> thing</c><00:04:39.919><c> about</c><00:04:40.199><c> the</c>

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formation my favorite thing about the
 

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formation my favorite thing about the
cartwheel<00:04:41.080><c> Galaxy</c><00:04:41.520><c> is</c><00:04:41.600><c> that</c><00:04:41.880><c> such</c><00:04:42.039><c> a</c><00:04:42.320><c> major</c>

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cartwheel Galaxy is that such a major
 

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cartwheel Galaxy is that such a major
Collision<00:04:43.600><c> you</c><00:04:43.720><c> know</c><00:04:43.880><c> it</c><00:04:44.000><c> may</c><00:04:44.160><c> have</c>

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Collision you know it may have
 

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Collision you know it may have
completely<00:04:44.960><c> reshaped</c><00:04:45.880><c> the</c><00:04:46.080><c> Galaxy</c><00:04:46.680><c> but</c><00:04:46.800><c> it</c>

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completely reshaped the Galaxy but it
 

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completely reshaped the Galaxy but it
also<00:04:47.280><c> allowed</c><00:04:47.639><c> for</c><00:04:47.880><c> so</c><00:04:48.080><c> many</c><00:04:48.360><c> new</c><00:04:48.560><c> stars</c><00:04:48.919><c> to</c>

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also allowed for so many new stars to
 

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also allowed for so many new stars to
form<00:04:49.479><c> that</c><00:04:49.680><c> simply</c><00:04:50.000><c> wouldn't</c><00:04:50.280><c> have</c><00:04:50.440><c> formed</c>

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form that simply wouldn't have formed
 

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form that simply wouldn't have formed
without<00:04:51.639><c> it</c><00:04:52.199><c> the</c><00:04:52.360><c> Galaxy</c><00:04:52.800><c> like</c><00:04:53.039><c> took</c><00:04:53.240><c> like</c>

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without it the Galaxy like took like
 

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without it the Galaxy like took like
this<00:04:53.520><c> very</c><00:04:53.759><c> dramatic</c><00:04:54.360><c> event</c><00:04:55.199><c> you</c><00:04:55.320><c> know</c><00:04:55.560><c> and</c><00:04:55.639><c> it</c>

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this very dramatic event you know and it
 

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this very dramatic event you know and it
turned<00:04:55.960><c> it</c><00:04:56.120><c> into</c><00:04:56.280><c> something</c><00:04:56.560><c> very</c><00:04:56.800><c> new</c><00:04:57.160><c> and</c>

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turned it into something very new and
 

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turned it into something very new and
beautiful<00:04:58.000><c> I.E</c><00:04:58.320><c> the</c><00:04:58.400><c> new</c><00:04:58.520><c> Star</c><00:04:58.800><c> formation</c>

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beautiful I.E the new Star formation
 

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beautiful I.E the new Star formation
that<00:04:59.440><c> we</c>

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that we
 

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that we
so<00:05:00.400><c> I</c><00:05:00.479><c> think</c><00:05:00.600><c> it's</c><00:05:00.720><c> like</c><00:05:00.919><c> very</c><00:05:01.160><c> oddly</c>

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so I think it's like very oddly
 

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so I think it's like very oddly
inspiring<00:05:02.520><c> you</c><00:05:02.639><c> know</c><00:05:02.800><c> a</c><00:05:03.000><c> story</c><00:05:03.240><c> of</c><00:05:03.400><c> resilience</c>

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inspiring you know a story of resilience
 

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inspiring you know a story of resilience
because<00:05:04.160><c> you</c><00:05:04.240><c> know</c><00:05:04.400><c> something</c><00:05:04.680><c> can</c><00:05:05.120><c> crash</c>

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because you know something can crash
 

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because you know something can crash
straight<00:05:05.880><c> through</c><00:05:06.080><c> you</c><00:05:06.560><c> and</c><00:05:06.720><c> disrupt</c>

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straight through you and disrupt
 

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straight through you and disrupt
everything<00:05:07.560><c> and</c><00:05:07.759><c> yet</c><00:05:07.880><c> you</c><00:05:07.960><c> can</c><00:05:08.120><c> still</c><00:05:08.360><c> pick</c><00:05:08.479><c> up</c>

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everything and yet you can still pick up
 

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everything and yet you can still pick up
the<00:05:08.800><c> pieces</c><00:05:09.560><c> and</c><00:05:09.720><c> rebuild</c><00:05:10.360><c> exactly</c><00:05:10.680><c> what</c><00:05:10.759><c> the</c>

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the pieces and rebuild exactly what the
 

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the pieces and rebuild exactly what the
cartwheel

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did<00:05:16.880><c> Galaxy</c><00:05:17.280><c> interactions</c><00:05:17.880><c> aren't</c><00:05:18.160><c> limited</c>

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did Galaxy interactions aren't limited
 

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did Galaxy interactions aren't limited
to<00:05:18.720><c> remote</c><00:05:19.039><c> parts</c><00:05:19.240><c> of</c><00:05:19.360><c> the</c><00:05:19.720><c> universe</c><00:05:20.720><c> close</c><00:05:20.960><c> to</c>

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to remote parts of the universe close to
 

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to remote parts of the universe close to
home<00:05:21.639><c> our</c><00:05:21.880><c> neighbor</c><00:05:22.319><c> Andromeda</c><00:05:22.960><c> galaxy</c><00:05:23.680><c> shows</c>

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home our neighbor Andromeda galaxy shows
 

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home our neighbor Andromeda galaxy shows
signs<00:05:24.240><c> of</c><00:05:24.440><c> having</c><00:05:24.800><c> interacted</c><00:05:25.440><c> with</c><00:05:25.600><c> one</c><00:05:25.720><c> of</c>

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signs of having interacted with one of
 

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signs of having interacted with one of
its<00:05:26.080><c> own</c><00:05:26.479><c> Galactic</c><00:05:27.319><c> satellites</c><00:05:28.319><c> so</c><00:05:28.560><c> the</c>

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its own Galactic satellites so the
 

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its own Galactic satellites so the
Andromeda<00:05:29.319><c> Galaxy</c>

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Andromeda Galaxy
 

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Andromeda Galaxy
is<00:05:31.240><c> um</c><00:05:31.560><c> The</c><00:05:31.680><c> Milky</c><00:05:32.039><c> Way's</c><00:05:32.560><c> nearest</c><00:05:33.080><c> large</c><00:05:33.479><c> spal</c>

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is um The Milky Way's nearest large spal
 

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is um The Milky Way's nearest large spal
Galaxy<00:05:35.120><c> and</c><00:05:35.240><c> it's</c><00:05:35.479><c> about</c><00:05:35.720><c> 2.5</c><00:05:36.479><c> million</c><00:05:36.919><c> light</c>

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Galaxy and it's about 2.5 million light
 

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Galaxy and it's about 2.5 million light
years<00:05:37.440><c> away</c><00:05:38.199><c> so</c><00:05:38.400><c> it's</c><00:05:38.600><c> really</c><00:05:38.840><c> almost</c><00:05:39.199><c> in</c><00:05:39.360><c> our</c>

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years away so it's really almost in our
 

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years away so it's really almost in our
backyard<00:05:40.199><c> compared</c><00:05:40.639><c> with</c><00:05:40.880><c> for</c><00:05:41.039><c> example</c><00:05:41.400><c> the</c>

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backyard compared with for example the
 

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backyard compared with for example the
cartwheel<00:05:42.680><c> and</c><00:05:42.880><c> one</c><00:05:43.240><c> very</c><00:05:43.560><c> obvious</c>

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cartwheel and one very obvious
 

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cartwheel and one very obvious
difference<00:05:44.360><c> between</c><00:05:44.600><c> the</c><00:05:44.720><c> Milky</c><00:05:45.039><c> Way</c><00:05:45.600><c> and</c>

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difference between the Milky Way and
 

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difference between the Milky Way and
andrometer<00:05:46.880><c> is</c><00:05:47.080><c> that</c><00:05:47.319><c> Andromeda</c><00:05:47.960><c> does</c><00:05:48.199><c> not</c>

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andrometer is that Andromeda does not
 

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andrometer is that Andromeda does not
have<00:05:49.000><c> obvious</c><00:05:49.720><c> strong</c><00:05:50.080><c> spiral</c><00:05:50.560><c> structure</c>

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have obvious strong spiral structure
 

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have obvious strong spiral structure
it's<00:05:51.639><c> dominated</c><00:05:52.280><c> by</c><00:05:52.440><c> an</c><00:05:52.600><c> inner</c><00:05:53.440><c> bright</c><00:05:53.880><c> car</c>

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it's dominated by an inner bright car
 

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it's dominated by an inner bright car
and<00:05:54.880><c> a</c><00:05:55.000><c> faint</c><00:05:55.280><c> outter</c><00:05:55.720><c> disc</c><00:05:56.680><c> so</c><00:05:56.880><c> one</c><00:05:57.000><c> of</c><00:05:57.120><c> the</c>

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and a faint outter disc so one of the
 

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and a faint outter disc so one of the
things<00:05:57.440><c> you'll</c><00:05:57.720><c> notice</c><00:05:58.080><c> about</c><00:05:58.319><c> the</c><00:05:58.520><c> visible</c>

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things you'll notice about the visible
 

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things you'll notice about the visible
image<00:06:00.000><c> is</c><00:06:00.280><c> that</c><00:06:01.039><c> in</c><00:06:01.240><c> addition</c><00:06:01.600><c> to</c><00:06:01.919><c> the</c><00:06:02.080><c> bright</c>

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image is that in addition to the bright
 

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image is that in addition to the bright
car<00:06:03.280><c> and</c><00:06:03.440><c> the</c><00:06:03.600><c> overall</c><00:06:04.000><c> disc</c><00:06:04.400><c> you</c><00:06:04.639><c> also</c><00:06:05.039><c> see</c><00:06:06.039><c> uh</c>

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car and the overall disc you also see uh
 

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car and the overall disc you also see uh
faint<00:06:07.240><c> dark</c><00:06:07.840><c> features</c><00:06:08.560><c> like</c><00:06:08.840><c> almost</c><00:06:09.240><c> like</c><00:06:09.360><c> a</c>

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faint dark features like almost like a
 

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faint dark features like almost like a
dark<00:06:09.840><c> ring</c><00:06:10.840><c> where</c><00:06:11.199><c> there's</c><00:06:11.919><c> we</c><00:06:12.120><c> believe</c>

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dark ring where there's we believe
 

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dark ring where there's we believe
there's<00:06:12.840><c> dust</c><00:06:13.160><c> that's</c><00:06:13.479><c> absorbing</c><00:06:14.360><c> some</c><00:06:14.560><c> of</c>

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there's dust that's absorbing some of
 

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there's dust that's absorbing some of
the<00:06:14.840><c> visible</c><00:06:15.240><c> light</c><00:06:16.000><c> here</c><00:06:16.240><c> we</c><00:06:16.440><c> have</c><00:06:16.639><c> a</c><00:06:16.840><c> short</c>

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the visible light here we have a short
 

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the visible light here we have a short
infrared<00:06:17.960><c> wavelength</c><00:06:18.599><c> image</c><00:06:18.919><c> of</c><00:06:19.360><c> Andromeda</c>

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infrared wavelength image of Andromeda
 

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infrared wavelength image of Andromeda
and<00:06:20.479><c> so</c><00:06:20.759><c> here</c><00:06:20.960><c> we</c><00:06:21.080><c> are</c><00:06:21.240><c> seeing</c><00:06:22.199><c> the</c><00:06:22.400><c> Starlight</c>

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and so here we are seeing the Starlight
 

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and so here we are seeing the Starlight
from<00:06:23.039><c> the</c><00:06:23.199><c> older</c><00:06:24.160><c> stars</c><00:06:24.720><c> in</c><00:06:24.960><c> Andromeda</c><00:06:25.759><c> you</c>

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from the older stars in Andromeda you
 

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from the older stars in Andromeda you
can<00:06:26.080><c> also</c><00:06:26.280><c> see</c><00:06:26.479><c> the</c><00:06:26.680><c> companions</c><00:06:27.400><c> again</c><00:06:27.680><c> so</c><00:06:27.840><c> you</c>

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can also see the companions again so you
 

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can also see the companions again so you
can<00:06:28.080><c> see</c><00:06:28.360><c> m110</c><00:06:29.319><c> to</c><00:06:29.639><c> the</c><00:06:29.720><c> upper</c><00:06:30.080><c> right</c><00:06:30.639><c> and</c><00:06:30.759><c> you</c>

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can see m110 to the upper right and you
 

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can see m110 to the upper right and you
can<00:06:30.919><c> also</c><00:06:31.120><c> see</c><00:06:31.319><c> M32</c><00:06:32.319><c> just</c><00:06:32.479><c> under</c><00:06:32.759><c> the</c><00:06:32.960><c> center</c>

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can also see M32 just under the center
 

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can also see M32 just under the center
the<00:06:33.840><c> long</c><00:06:34.280><c> infrared</c><00:06:34.759><c> rings</c><00:06:35.360><c> that</c><00:06:35.520><c> we're</c>

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the long infrared rings that we're
 

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the long infrared rings that we're
seeing<00:06:36.240><c> right</c><00:06:36.400><c> here</c><00:06:36.560><c> in</c><00:06:36.720><c> this</c><00:06:36.919><c> image</c><00:06:37.800><c> um</c><00:06:38.000><c> is</c>

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seeing right here in this image um is
 

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seeing right here in this image um is
piercing<00:06:38.840><c> through</c><00:06:39.160><c> the</c><00:06:39.319><c> very</c><00:06:39.599><c> dusty</c><00:06:40.000><c> clouds</c>

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piercing through the very dusty clouds
 

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piercing through the very dusty clouds
and<00:06:40.440><c> allowing</c><00:06:40.720><c> us</c><00:06:40.840><c> to</c><00:06:40.960><c> see</c><00:06:41.199><c> the</c><00:06:41.440><c> actual</c><00:06:41.960><c> inner</c>

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and allowing us to see the actual inner
 

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and allowing us to see the actual inner
structure<00:06:43.400><c> of</c><00:06:43.680><c> andromeda's</c><00:06:44.479><c> disc</c><00:06:45.160><c> and</c><00:06:45.240><c> when</c>

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structure of andromeda's disc and when
 

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structure of andromeda's disc and when
you<00:06:45.639><c> look</c><00:06:45.840><c> at</c><00:06:45.960><c> it</c><00:06:46.199><c> it</c><00:06:46.360><c> doesn't</c><00:06:46.800><c> look</c><00:06:47.120><c> like</c>

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you look at it it doesn't look like
 

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you look at it it doesn't look like
continuous<00:06:47.960><c> spiral</c><00:06:48.400><c> arms</c><00:06:48.840><c> like</c><00:06:49.000><c> you</c><00:06:49.080><c> would</c>

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continuous spiral arms like you would
 

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continuous spiral arms like you would
expect<00:06:49.720><c> for</c><00:06:49.919><c> a</c><00:06:50.080><c> regular</c><00:06:50.479><c> spiral</c><00:06:50.960><c> galaxy</c>

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expect for a regular spiral galaxy
 

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expect for a regular spiral galaxy
instead<00:06:52.400><c> we</c><00:06:52.479><c> can</c><00:06:52.639><c> see</c><00:06:52.800><c> that</c><00:06:52.960><c> the</c><00:06:53.039><c> matter</c><00:06:53.360><c> is</c>

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instead we can see that the matter is
 

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instead we can see that the matter is
organized<00:06:54.120><c> into</c><00:06:54.360><c> these</c><00:06:54.599><c> very</c><00:06:54.919><c> distinct</c><00:06:55.479><c> Rings</c>

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organized into these very distinct Rings
 

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organized into these very distinct Rings
kind<00:06:56.160><c> of</c><00:06:56.319><c> like</c><00:06:56.440><c> the</c><00:06:56.560><c> cartwheel</c><00:06:57.120><c> Galaxy</c><00:06:57.960><c> so</c>

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kind of like the cartwheel Galaxy so
 

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kind of like the cartwheel Galaxy so
what<00:06:58.280><c> I</c><00:06:58.440><c> love</c><00:06:58.680><c> about</c><00:06:59.039><c> Andromeda</c><00:06:59.840><c> which</c><00:07:00.520><c> this</c>

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what I love about Andromeda which this
 

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what I love about Andromeda which this
large<00:07:01.120><c> nearby</c><00:07:01.560><c> companion</c><00:07:02.360><c> Galaxy</c><00:07:03.360><c> is</c><00:07:03.639><c> that</c>

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large nearby companion Galaxy is that
 

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large nearby companion Galaxy is that
you<00:07:03.960><c> can</c><00:07:04.120><c> see</c><00:07:04.319><c> it</c><00:07:04.800><c> very</c><00:07:05.039><c> clearly</c><00:07:05.360><c> with</c><00:07:05.479><c> the</c>

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you can see it very clearly with the
 

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you can see it very clearly with the
naked<00:07:06.000><c> eye</c><00:07:06.160><c> on</c><00:07:06.280><c> a</c><00:07:06.440><c> dark</c><00:07:06.720><c> night</c><00:07:07.440><c> you're</c><00:07:07.680><c> only</c>

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naked eye on a dark night you're only
 

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naked eye on a dark night you're only
really<00:07:08.120><c> seeing</c><00:07:08.440><c> the</c><00:07:08.599><c> very</c><00:07:08.840><c> central</c><00:07:09.360><c> part</c><00:07:09.919><c> of</c>

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really seeing the very central part of
 

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really seeing the very central part of
Andromeda<00:07:11.160><c> but</c><00:07:11.319><c> what's</c><00:07:11.560><c> amazing</c><00:07:12.000><c> about</c><00:07:12.199><c> it</c><00:07:12.440><c> is</c>

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Andromeda but what's amazing about it is
 

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Andromeda but what's amazing about it is
that<00:07:12.879><c> it's</c><00:07:13.360><c> heading</c><00:07:13.680><c> towards</c><00:07:14.160><c> us</c><00:07:14.840><c> at</c><00:07:15.000><c> about</c>

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that it's heading towards us at about
 

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that it's heading towards us at about
300<00:07:15.960><c> km/s</c><00:07:16.960><c> which</c><00:07:17.120><c> is</c><00:07:17.720><c> about</c><00:07:18.199><c> 670,000</c>

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300 km/s which is about 670,000
 

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300 km/s which is about 670,000
mph<00:07:21.080><c> at</c><00:07:21.199><c> its</c><00:07:21.440><c> present</c><00:07:21.800><c> rate</c><00:07:22.319><c> if</c><00:07:22.479><c> it's</c><00:07:22.639><c> falling</c>

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mph at its present rate if it's falling
 

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mph at its present rate if it's falling
directly<00:07:23.560><c> toward</c><00:07:23.759><c> ODS</c><00:07:24.039><c> as</c><00:07:24.160><c> and</c><00:07:24.879><c> most</c><00:07:25.120><c> of</c><00:07:25.560><c> the</c>

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directly toward ODS as and most of the
 

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directly toward ODS as and most of the
models<00:07:26.120><c> think</c><00:07:26.360><c> that</c><00:07:26.479><c> it</c><00:07:26.639><c> more</c><00:07:26.800><c> or</c><00:07:26.960><c> less</c><00:07:27.199><c> is</c>

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models think that it more or less is
 

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models think that it more or less is
it's<00:07:28.080><c> going</c><00:07:28.240><c> to</c><00:07:28.560><c> collide</c><00:07:28.960><c> with</c><00:07:29.080><c> the</c><00:07:29.160><c> Milky</c><00:07:29.680><c> way</c>

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it's going to collide with the Milky way
 

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it's going to collide with the Milky way
in<00:07:30.879><c> about</c><00:07:31.160><c> 2.5</c><00:07:32.039><c> billion</c><00:07:32.440><c> years</c><00:07:32.759><c> from</c><00:07:33.000><c> now</c><00:07:33.560><c> now</c>

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in about 2.5 billion years from now now
 

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in about 2.5 billion years from now now
that<00:07:33.879><c> seems</c><00:07:34.240><c> like</c><00:07:34.400><c> a</c><00:07:34.520><c> long</c><00:07:34.759><c> time</c><00:07:35.000><c> away</c><00:07:35.720><c> but</c>

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that seems like a long time away but
 

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that seems like a long time away but
imagine<00:07:36.319><c> that</c><00:07:36.479><c> the</c><00:07:36.639><c> Earth</c><00:07:37.240><c> is</c><00:07:37.479><c> only</c><00:07:37.720><c> 4.5</c>

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imagine that the Earth is only 4.5
 

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imagine that the Earth is only 4.5
billion<00:07:39.240><c> years</c><00:07:39.479><c> old</c><00:07:40.120><c> a</c><00:07:40.240><c> lot</c><00:07:40.319><c> of</c><00:07:40.440><c> people</c><00:07:40.639><c> think</c>

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billion years old a lot of people think
 

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billion years old a lot of people think
it's<00:07:40.879><c> going</c><00:07:41.000><c> to</c><00:07:41.080><c> be</c><00:07:41.240><c> like</c><00:07:41.440><c> very</c><00:07:41.759><c> violent</c><00:07:42.240><c> and</c>

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it's going to be like very violent and
 

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it's going to be like very violent and
it's<00:07:42.520><c> going</c><00:07:42.639><c> to</c><00:07:43.360><c> hurt</c><00:07:43.599><c> like</c><00:07:43.720><c> all</c><00:07:43.879><c> the</c><00:07:44.080><c> stars</c>

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it's going to hurt like all the stars
 

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it's going to hurt like all the stars
and<00:07:44.680><c> stuff</c><00:07:44.879><c> like</c><00:07:45.039><c> that</c><00:07:45.280><c> but</c><00:07:45.599><c> actually</c><00:07:46.000><c> like</c>

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and stuff like that but actually like
 

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and stuff like that but actually like
the<00:07:46.599><c> stars</c><00:07:46.879><c> don't</c><00:07:47.240><c> experience</c><00:07:47.960><c> too</c><00:07:48.199><c> much</c><00:07:48.680><c> when</c>

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the stars don't experience too much when
 

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the stars don't experience too much when
galaxies<00:07:49.759><c> are</c><00:07:50.080><c> colliding</c><00:07:50.560><c> they</c><00:07:50.680><c> just</c><00:07:50.800><c> kind</c><00:07:50.919><c> of</c>

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galaxies are colliding they just kind of
 

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galaxies are colliding they just kind of
like<00:07:51.520><c> Get</c><00:07:52.080><c> drifted</c><00:07:52.599><c> around</c><00:07:53.479><c> a</c><00:07:53.599><c> little</c><00:07:53.759><c> bit</c><00:07:53.919><c> and</c>

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like Get drifted around a little bit and
 

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like Get drifted around a little bit and
it's<00:07:54.120><c> like</c><00:07:54.280><c> we</c><00:07:54.360><c> wouldn't</c><00:07:54.560><c> really</c><00:07:54.840><c> experience</c>

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it's like we wouldn't really experience
 

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it's like we wouldn't really experience
too<00:07:55.720><c> much</c><00:07:55.840><c> it</c><00:07:55.919><c> wouldn't</c><00:07:56.120><c> be</c><00:07:56.199><c> a</c><00:07:56.280><c> super</c><00:07:56.520><c> violent</c>

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too much it wouldn't be a super violent
 

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too much it wouldn't be a super violent
process<00:07:57.360><c> like</c><00:07:57.479><c> a</c><00:07:57.560><c> lot</c><00:07:57.680><c> of</c><00:07:57.840><c> people</c><00:07:58.440><c> think</c><00:07:58.639><c> it</c>

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process like a lot of people think it
 

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process like a lot of people think it
would<00:07:58.960><c> be</c><00:07:59.560><c> because</c><00:08:00.039><c> there's</c><00:08:00.199><c> a</c><00:08:00.440><c> lot</c><00:08:00.599><c> of</c><00:08:00.879><c> space</c>

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would be because there's a lot of space
 

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would be because there's a lot of space
in<00:08:01.560><c> between</c><00:08:02.159><c> stars</c><00:08:02.879><c> and</c><00:08:02.960><c> so</c><00:08:03.080><c> they're</c><00:08:03.240><c> not</c>

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in between stars and so they're not
 

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in between stars and so they're not
going<00:08:03.440><c> to</c><00:08:03.560><c> be</c><00:08:03.720><c> colliding</c><00:08:04.280><c> with</c><00:08:04.440><c> one</c><00:08:04.639><c> another</c>

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going to be colliding with one another
 

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going to be colliding with one another
the<00:08:05.360><c> Milky</c><00:08:05.680><c> Way</c><00:08:06.000><c> will</c><00:08:06.840><c> cease</c><00:08:07.159><c> to</c><00:08:07.479><c> exist</c><00:08:07.840><c> as</c><00:08:08.000><c> a</c>

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the Milky Way will cease to exist as a
 

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the Milky Way will cease to exist as a
band<00:08:08.479><c> across</c><00:08:08.840><c> the</c><00:08:09.000><c> sky</c><00:08:09.479><c> all</c><00:08:09.639><c> the</c><00:08:09.800><c> stars</c><00:08:10.120><c> will</c>

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band across the sky all the stars will
 

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band across the sky all the stars will
be<00:08:10.479><c> scattered</c><00:08:10.960><c> around</c><00:08:11.720><c> will'll</c><00:08:11.919><c> end</c><00:08:12.120><c> up</c>

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be scattered around will'll end up
 

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be scattered around will'll end up
merging<00:08:13.280><c> with</c><00:08:13.440><c> the</c><00:08:13.919><c> Andromeda</c><00:08:14.919><c> it</c><00:08:15.039><c> should</c><00:08:15.240><c> be</c>

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merging with the Andromeda it should be
 

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merging with the Andromeda it should be
it's<00:08:15.639><c> a</c><00:08:15.840><c> very</c><00:08:16.080><c> exciting</c><00:08:16.479><c> and</c><00:08:16.639><c> dramatic</c>

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it's a very exciting and dramatic
 

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it's a very exciting and dramatic
thought<00:08:17.479><c> but</c><00:08:17.720><c> far</c><00:08:17.919><c> into</c><00:08:18.199><c> the</c><00:08:18.360><c> future</c><00:08:19.240><c> whether</c>

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thought but far into the future whether
 

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thought but far into the future whether
you<00:08:19.560><c> choose</c><00:08:19.800><c> to</c><00:08:19.960><c> make</c><00:08:20.080><c> an</c><00:08:20.240><c> image</c><00:08:20.440><c> of</c><00:08:20.560><c> the</c>

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you choose to make an image of the
 

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you choose to make an image of the
cartwheel<00:08:21.120><c> or</c><00:08:21.280><c> Andromeda</c><00:08:21.879><c> galaxy</c><00:08:22.639><c> you'll</c>

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cartwheel or Andromeda galaxy you'll
 

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cartwheel or Andromeda galaxy you'll
have<00:08:23.000><c> a</c><00:08:23.120><c> snapshot</c><00:08:23.800><c> of</c><00:08:23.919><c> a</c><00:08:24.080><c> moment</c><00:08:24.400><c> in</c><00:08:24.680><c> Cosmic</c>

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have a snapshot of a moment in Cosmic
 

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have a snapshot of a moment in Cosmic
time<00:08:25.800><c> showing</c><00:08:26.159><c> how</c><00:08:26.319><c> their</c><00:08:26.520><c> appearances</c><00:08:27.199><c> have</c>

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time showing how their appearances have
 

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time showing how their appearances have
been<00:08:27.560><c> altered</c><00:08:28.080><c> by</c><00:08:28.240><c> their</c><00:08:28.440><c> neighbors</c>

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been altered by their neighbors
 

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been altered by their neighbors
understanding<00:08:30.319><c> merging</c><00:08:30.759><c> and</c><00:08:31.000><c> colliding</c>

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understanding merging and colliding
 

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understanding merging and colliding
galaxies<00:08:32.120><c> and</c><00:08:32.719><c> the</c><00:08:32.880><c> way</c><00:08:33.360><c> they</c><00:08:33.599><c> evolve</c><00:08:34.240><c> over</c>

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galaxies and the way they evolve over
 

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galaxies and the way they evolve over
time<00:08:35.719><c> is</c><00:08:35.880><c> sort</c><00:08:36.080><c> of</c><00:08:36.240><c> central</c><00:08:36.640><c> to</c><00:08:36.800><c> the</c><00:08:36.959><c> human</c>

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time is sort of central to the human
 

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time is sort of central to the human
quest<00:08:37.719><c> of</c><00:08:38.000><c> answering</c><00:08:39.000><c> you</c><00:08:39.120><c> know</c><00:08:39.360><c> why</c><00:08:39.519><c> are</c><00:08:39.680><c> we</c>

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quest of answering you know why are we
 

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quest of answering you know why are we
here<00:08:40.200><c> and</c><00:08:40.440><c> where</c><00:08:40.599><c> did</c><00:08:40.800><c> we</c><00:08:40.959><c> come</c><00:08:41.200><c> from</c><00:08:42.039><c> just</c>

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here and where did we come from just
 

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here and where did we come from just
like<00:08:42.440><c> people</c><00:08:43.120><c> galaxies</c><00:08:43.719><c> grow</c><00:08:44.200><c> and</c><00:08:44.440><c> evolve</c>

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like people galaxies grow and evolve
 

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like people galaxies grow and evolve
through<00:08:45.200><c> their</c><00:08:45.519><c> interactions</c><00:08:46.480><c> with</c><00:08:46.800><c> others</c>

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through their interactions with others
 

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through their interactions with others
and<00:08:47.360><c> so</c><00:08:47.680><c> this</c><00:08:47.880><c> teaches</c><00:08:48.240><c> us</c><00:08:48.440><c> not</c><00:08:48.640><c> only</c><00:08:48.920><c> about</c>

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and so this teaches us not only about
 

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and so this teaches us not only about
the<00:08:49.279><c> incredible</c><00:08:49.880><c> forces</c><00:08:50.279><c> of</c><00:08:50.560><c> gravity</c><00:08:51.440><c> but</c>

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the incredible forces of gravity but
 

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the incredible forces of gravity but
also<00:08:51.880><c> about</c><00:08:52.120><c> how</c><00:08:52.399><c> change</c><00:08:53.000><c> you</c><00:08:53.080><c> know</c><00:08:53.240><c> even</c><00:08:53.519><c> when</c>

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also about how change you know even when
 

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also about how change you know even when
it's<00:08:53.880><c> disruptive</c><00:08:54.720><c> like</c><00:08:54.839><c> in</c><00:08:54.920><c> the</c><00:08:55.040><c> case</c><00:08:55.200><c> of</c><00:08:55.279><c> the</c>

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it's disruptive like in the case of the
 

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it's disruptive like in the case of the
cartv<00:08:55.959><c> Galaxy</c><00:08:56.760><c> can</c><00:08:56.959><c> lead</c><00:08:57.200><c> to</c><00:08:57.440><c> growth</c><00:08:57.839><c> in</c>

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cartv Galaxy can lead to growth in
 

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cartv Galaxy can lead to growth in
something<00:08:58.440><c> entirely</c><00:08:59.040><c> new</c>

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something entirely new
 

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something entirely new
there<00:09:00.160><c> are</c><00:09:00.480><c> countless</c><00:09:00.920><c> ways</c><00:09:01.160><c> to</c><00:09:01.360><c> mix</c><00:09:01.640><c> and</c>

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there are countless ways to mix and
 

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there are countless ways to mix and
match<00:09:02.200><c> these</c><00:09:02.399><c> data</c><00:09:02.680><c> sets</c><00:09:03.519><c> and</c><00:09:03.640><c> we</c><00:09:03.800><c> encourage</c>

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match these data sets and we encourage
 

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match these data sets and we encourage
you<00:09:04.440><c> to</c><00:09:04.640><c> submit</c><00:09:04.959><c> your</c><00:09:05.160><c> Creations</c><00:09:05.680><c> to</c><00:09:05.839><c> the</c>

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you to submit your Creations to the
 

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you to submit your Creations to the
astrophoto<00:09:06.640><c> challenge</c><00:09:07.160><c> website</c><00:09:08.160><c> your</c><00:09:08.320><c> work</c>

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astrophoto challenge website your work
 

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astrophoto challenge website your work
might<00:09:08.839><c> even</c><00:09:09.000><c> be</c><00:09:09.160><c> featured</c><00:09:09.519><c> as</c><00:09:09.640><c> a</c><00:09:09.760><c> standout</c>

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might even be featured as a standout
 

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might even be featured as a standout
entry<00:09:11.160><c> try</c><00:09:11.560><c> NASA's</c><00:09:12.120><c> astrop</c><00:09:12.480><c> photo</c><00:09:12.800><c> challenge</c>

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entry try NASA's astrop photo challenge
 

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entry try NASA's astrop photo challenge
yourself<00:09:14.760><c> we</c><00:09:14.880><c> want</c><00:09:15.000><c> to</c><00:09:15.120><c> see</c><00:09:15.399><c> the</c><00:09:15.519><c> pictures</c>

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yourself we want to see the pictures
 

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yourself we want to see the pictures
that<00:09:16.079><c> you've</c><00:09:16.320><c> made</c><00:09:17.320><c> tell</c><00:09:17.519><c> us</c><00:09:17.720><c> about</c><00:09:17.920><c> the</c>

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that you've made tell us about the
 

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that you've made tell us about the
colors<00:09:18.440><c> you've</c><00:09:18.640><c> chosen</c><00:09:19.560><c> share</c><00:09:19.880><c> your</c><00:09:20.160><c> images</c>

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colors you've chosen share your images
 

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colors you've chosen share your images
with<00:09:20.800><c> us</c><00:09:21.040><c> and</c><00:09:21.200><c> tell</c><00:09:21.399><c> us</c><00:09:21.640><c> about</c><00:09:21.880><c> your</c><00:09:22.240><c> creative</c>

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with us and tell us about your creative
 

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with us and tell us about your creative
decisions<00:09:23.640><c> were</c><00:09:23.920><c> your</c><00:09:24.079><c> choices</c><00:09:24.600><c> scientific</c>

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decisions were your choices scientific
 

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decisions were your choices scientific
artistic<00:09:26.079><c> or</c><00:09:26.360><c> both</c>